Tham khảo tài liệu 'process selection - from design to manufacture part 6', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Swaging 109 Swaging Process description Process of gradually shaping and reducing the cross section of tubes rods and wire using successive blows from hard dies rotating around the material on a mandrel if necessary for tubular sections . Operation performed at ambient temperature see . Swaging process. Materials Carbon low alloy and stainless steels aluminum magnesium nickel and their alloys. Copper zinc lead and their alloys less commonly. Process variations Using a shaped mandrel can generate inner section profiles different to outer. Hand forging hot material reduced upset and shaped using hand tools and an anvil commonly associated with the blacksmith s trade. For decorative and architectural work. Economic considerations Production rates moderate to high 100-300 h . Lead time typically days depending on complexity of tool. Special tooling not necessarily required for each job. Material utilization excellent. No scrap generated. Some automation possible. Economical for low production runs. Can be used for one-offs. Tooling costs high. 110 Selecting candidate processes Equipment costs generally moderate. Direct labor costs low to moderate. Typical applications Used to close tubes produce tapering clamping and steps in sections Many section types possible either parallel or tapered Tool shafts Punches Chisels Handles Exhaust pipes Cable assemblies Architectural work Design aspects Complexity fairly high. Round square rectangular and polygon sections possible either parallel or tapered. Splines and contoured surfaces also possible. Holes possible but only through the length of the part. No undercuts or inserts possible. Draft angles ranging . Minimum section mm. Maximum section 50 mm. Minimum solid diameter mm. Maximum solid diameter 0150 mm. Maximum tube diameter 0350 mm. Minimum length mm. Maximum length 250 mm. Quality issues Cold working of material gives good mechanical properties and compressive surface stresses improve .
