Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: The use of botulinum toxin in head and face medicine: An interdisciplinary field | Head Face Medicine BioMed Central Review The use of botulinum toxin in head and face medicine An interdisciplinary field Rainer Laskawi Open Access Address Universitats-HNO-Klinik Robert-Koch-Str. 40 D-37075 Gottingen Germany Email Rainer Laskawi - rlaskaw@ Published 10 March 2008 Head Face Medicine 2008 4 5 doi 1746-I60X-4-5 Received 1 October 2007 Accepted 10 March 2008 This article is available from http content 4 1 5 2008 Laskawi licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http licenses by which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background In this review article different interdisciplinary relevant applications of botulinum toxin type A BTA in the head and face region are demonstrated. Patients with head and face disorders of different etiology often suffer from disorders concerning their musculature example synkinesis in mimic muscles or gland-secretion. This leads to many problems and reduces their quality of life. The application of BTA can improve movement disorders like blepharospasm hemifacial spasm synkinesis following defective healing of the facial nerve palatal tremor severe bruxism oromandibular dystonias hypertrophy of the masseter muscle and disorders of the autonomous nerve system like hypersalivation hyperlacrimation pathological sweating and intrinsic rhinitis. Conclusion The application of botulinum toxin type A is a helpful and minimally invasive treatment option to improve the quality of life in patients with head and face disorders of different quality and etiology. Side effects are rare. Review Historical milestones introduction Justinus Kerner first described the symptoms of botulism in detail 1 . Pierre van Ermengem isolated the microorganism bacillus botulinus 2 . In 1979 . Scott first used botulinum
