Chỉ dấu sinh học tiếp xúc với hóa chất được tìm thấy trong cơ thể cung cấp bằng chứng về môi trường tiếp xúc với hóa chất hoặc một hóa chất tiền thân. Chỉ dấu sinh học đã được sử dụng trong nghề nghiệp nghiên cứu hơn một thế kỷ, và trong nghiên cứu môi trường gần đây. Đôi khi một biomarker là bằng chứng nói với hầu hết các hiệu quả của một quy định môi trường hoặc xã hội hành vi thay đổi, như đã được thể hiện bởi sự suy giảm của chì trong máu sau khi gỡ bỏ nó từ. | 17 Biomarkers of Exposure Lance A. Wallace . Environmental Protection Agency ret. CONTENTS Volatile Organic Semivolatile Organic Metals. 401 Summary .402 Questions for Review .403 References .404 SYNOPSIS Biomarkers of exposure are chemicals found in the body providing evidence of environmental exposure to that chemical or to a precursor chemical. Biomarkers have been utilized in occupational studies for more than a century and in environmental studies more recently. Sometimes a biomarker is the most telling evidence of the effectiveness of an environmental regulation or societal behavioral change as was shown by the decline of lead in blood following its removal from gasoline and the decline of cotinine a tobacco derivative in blood of children coinciding with the decline of cigarette smoking in this country. Some principles governing the use of biomarkers are described they must be specific to the chemical of interest quantitatively related to its level in the environmental medium and be amenable to precise analytical measurements. Other factors affecting selection of biomarkers include the willingness of persons to provide exhaled breath blood urine bone fat saliva or other samples typically employed for biomarker identification. In some cases biomarkers have provided important information that was not available by normal methods of measurement as in the discovery that mainstream smoke the smoke inhaled by the smoker which is not measurable by air quality monitors provides the dominant source of benzene and other aromatic compounds for active smokers. Biomarkers for three major pollutant groups are discussed. INTRODUCTION Biomarkers have been an important component of exposure studies for many years. A biomarker is a chemical compound found in or excreted from body tissues. It might be the parent compound the compound as it existed in the environment before
