Có vẻ như tồn tại, theo đó một CƠ SỞ chọn lọc một số đối tượng hay tình huống có nhiều sự kiện liên quan đến aversive dễ dàng. 4. Cuối cùng, Tại sao sợ hãi và ám ảnh-nếu chúng là dựa trên điều xạ có điều kiện để đề kháng với sự tuyệt chủng, và Tại sao | LEARNING PERSPECTIVES ON ANXIETY DISORDERS 257 with traumatic experiences. There seems to exist a selective basis whereby some objects or situations are more easily associated with aversive events. 4. Finally why are fears and phobias if they are based on Pavlovian conditioning so resistant to extinction and why do we observe often a return of fear after successful treatment Most of these critiques against a conditioning model have been challenged in an important study by Mineka and Zinbarg 1996 . They argue based on solid experimental evidence that most of these critiques are reflecting the rather old-fashioned Watsonian view on conditioning not taking into account more recent conceptual and empirical developments within this domain. For instance they refer to a the experimental evidence on the role of vicarious conditioning b the demonstrated influence of temperament and a multitude of experiential variables occurring before during or following a traumatic or an observational conditioning experience on the amount of acquired fear and anxiety c the experimental evidence demonstrating the selectivity in development of fear and finally d the more recent insights in the phenomenon of extinction. Mineka and Zinbarg 1996 conclude that clinical theorists interested in anxiety disorders have to abandon their critiques of outmoded conditioning models and to explore the many hypotheses for further understanding of the anxiety disorders that stem from these new developments. We fully agree with this conclusion. An associative account of anxiety disorders which is by the way very close to a Freudian perspective remains very valuable. The experimental basis of the conditioning literature still has a strong heuristic value to understanding not only the etiology but also the ways of treatment of anxiety disorders. However in the meantime these critical comments on a conditioning approach were rather uncritically accepted especially by cognitive therapists. They subscribed .
