Chương này xem xét các vấn đề liên quan đến truy cập và sử dụng của GIS xã hội biên. Xã hội cận biên được định nghĩa là những nhóm đã bị áp bức, khai thác và từ chối truy cập các nguồn lực cơ bản để nâng cao đời sống hàng ngày của họ (Kozol năm 1991; Shiva năm 1997; Athanasiou 1996). Ba nghiên cứu trường hợp khác nhau được kiểm tra và đánh giá để xem xét sử dụng và truy cập vào GIS, cũng như các vấn đề cơ bản liên quan đến dữ liệu đào tạo,. | Chapter 20 Ensuring access to GIS for marginal societies Melinda Laituri INTRODUCTION This chapter examines issues related to access and use of GIS by marginal societies. Marginal societies are defined as those groups that have been oppressed exploited and denied access to the fundamental resources to enhance their everyday lives Kozol 1991 Shiva 1997 Athanasiou 1996 . Three different case studies are examined and evaluated to consider use of and access to GIS as well as underlying issues related to data development training and implementation. Common themes from the case studies are compared to identify larger conceptual issues related to GIS implementation. These case studies include the Maori communities of Panguru Pawarenga and Whangape in Northland New Zealand the Arapaho-Shoshone Indian Nations of the Wind Rivers Reservation Wyoming United States kindergarten through 12th grade K-12 teachers in the Poudre School District Ft Collins Colorado United Local knowledge is increasingly recognized as critical to resource management issues but has not been adequately integrated into management strategies Laituri and Harvey 1995 . The two case studies involving indigenous peoples contribute to current work being conducted internationally to include indigenous biological knowledge within the Western framework of computerized knowledge systems used for resource management. Additionally these projects explore the types of geographic information that is derived from different cultural groups for their explicit needs. An important thrust in recent geographic literature is environmental equity for disadvantaged and marginal populations Ekins 1992 . Increasingly the use of GIS and information systems for resource management and development issues is a critical factor in allowing access to decision-making. Such databases must be constructed with equity in mind for all societal groups and methods need to be developed that allow access and empower such groups .
