Một trong những lời chỉ trích san bằng chống lại GIS và các hệ thống thông tin tương tự không gian (có liên quan đến sự tham gia của cộng đồng), là bất khả tiếp cận tương đối của họ và sự thiếu năng lực để kết hợp các mô hình thức tâm thần, chẳng hạn như những giai thoại cá nhân và quan sát. Chương này tìm hiểu một số vai trò tiềm năng mà các công nghệ bổ sung cho GIS có thể chơi trong việc tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho sự tham gia của công chúng. | Chapter 23 Spatial multimedia representations to support community participation Michael J. Shiffer INTRODUCTION One of the criticisms levelled against GIS and similar spatial information systems as they relate to public participation is their relative inaccessibility and the lack of capacity to incorporate informal mental models such as personal anecdotes and observations. This chapter explores some potential roles that complementary technologies to GIS can play in facilitating public participation in planning contexts. The complementary technologies which afford the capacity to link images text and sound to maps will be referred to in a general sense as spatial multimedia. Three perceived impediments to participation comprise 1 the inability to physically attend meetings 2 being unable to understand others and 3 struggling to have competing views understood by others. For each of these various implementations of spatial multimedia are described that begin to overcome each impediment thus achieving an enhanced degree of public participation in a specific context. Finally several areas where additional research is needed will be identified. IMPEDIMENTS TO PUBLIC PARTICIPATION There are many political organizational and institutional impediments to public participation in planning contexts. These have been explored extensively throughout the planning literature cf. Forester 1989 Innes 1996 Day 1997 Tett and Wolfe 1991 . This chapter focuses on the tangible impediments to public participation and how IT can address those. This chapter does not suggest that IT can be an easy cure to participation challenges. Rather it is proposed as a potential catalyst towards a more inclusive process. 2002 Taylor Francis 310 M. J. Shiffer IMPEDIMENT JUST GETTING THERE. The results of GIS analyses are often conveyed to the public in the context of meetings. Yet one of the more significant impediments to public participation in planning is simply being physically able .
