Tajikistan là một quốc gia miền núi điển hình. Dãy núi chiếm 93% lãnh thổ của mình. Các hệ thống núi cao nhất của Trung Á là Tyan-Shan và Pamir-Alai. Độ cao tối đa là 7495 masl. Hơn 60% lãnh thổ Tajikistan nằm tại hoặc cao hơn 2500 masl. Khu vực này chủ yếu được sử dụng như đồng cỏ mùa hè. Trong hệ thống núi Pamir-Alai, nó bao gồm Darvaz, Học viện Khoa học, Peter lần thứ nhất, Alai, Zaalai, Karategin, Hissar, Zerafshan, và các dãy núi Turkestan. Các khu vực núi cao (subalpine và vùng núi cao) trưng. | 17 Effects of Grazing on Biodiversity Productivity and Soil Erosion of Alpine Pastures in Tajik Mountains Khukmatullo M. Akhmadov Siegmar W. Breckle and Uta Breckle INTRODUCTION Tajikistan is a typical mountainous country. Mountains make up 93 of its territory. The highest mountain systems of Central Asia are the Tyan-Shan and the Pamir-Alai. The maximum elevation is 7495 masl. More than 60 of the territory of Tajikistan is located at or above 2500 masl. This region is mostly used as summer pastures. In the Pamir-Alai mountain system it consists of Darvaz Academy Sciences Peter the First Alai Zaalai Karategin Hissar Zerafshan and Turkestan mountain ranges. The high-mountain areas subalpine and alpine zone exhibit a strong continental climate. The severe long winter is followed by a rather short and cool summer. The average annual temperature is about to C. The warmest months are July to August maximum temperature 22 C . The coldest month is January absolute minimum -36 C . The annual period without frosts lasts about 88 to 101 d. The annual precipitation is very varied in the East Pamir it is only about 72 to 200 mm in the West Pamir it can reach more than 500 mm and in central Tajikistan Hissar Mountains it is about 600 to 1200 mm Narzikulova 1982 . About 50 of the precipitation falls during the spring months. In the other seasons of the year the scarce precipitation is distributed rather equally. Precipitation in autumn winter and partially in spring is as snowfall snow cover can last until early summer. The climatic conditions are demonstrated by climatic diagrams see Breckle and Wucherer this volume Walter and Breckle 1986a b 1994 Breckle and Aga-khanjanz 2004 . PASTURES AND GRAZING AREAS The conservation of biodiversity in the high mountains that have been used intensively as summer pastures has become an important problem. Until 1992 high pasturelands were used for 2 to 3 months and in the autumn-winter period the cattle were moved to winter pastures.
