Nepal đã được đưa ra ưu tiên cao cho bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học trong hơn ba thập kỷ qua bằng cách tạo ra và quản lý các khu bảo tồn (khu bảo tồn), chiếm hơn 19% tổng diện tích của đất nước. Có chín công viên quốc gia, Ba khu bảo tồn động vật hoang dã, một trong những dự trữ săn bắn, và ba khu bảo tồn và vùng đệm. Hầu hết các khu bảo tồn nằm dọc theo biên giới quốc tế với Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ (hình 22,1), và đại diện chủ yếu là. | 22 Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Biodiversity A Major Issue of Protected-Area Management in Nepal Khadga Basnet INTRODUCTION Nepal has been giving a high priority to biodiversity conservation for more than three decades by creating and managing protected areas protected areas which cover more than 19 of the total area of the country. There are nine national parks three wildlife reserves one hunting reserve and three conservation areas and buffer zones. Most of the protected areas lie along the international borders with China and India Figure and represent mainly two Global 200 ecoregions as identified by the World Wildlife Fund. These include alpine shrubs and meadows in the mountains and Tarai-Duar savannas and grasslands in the lowland Tarai see Box . For more than three decades a large number of management problems including biological sociocultural economical political and developmental issues Basnet 2003a 2003b have been encountered in managing these protected areas. Livestock grazing and pasture management proved to be one of the major issues of all the protected areas of Nepal Richard et al. 2000 . The main objective of this chapter is to explore the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances . livestock grazing and resource harvesting on the biodiversity of alpine pastures in mountain parks particularly focusing on 1. Pasture management and pattern frequency and intensity of livestock grazing across the protected areas of Nepal 2. Effects of livestock grazing on wildlife and plant communities 3. Effects of resource harvesting on local species These important questions from the biodiversity conservation point of view are investigated through literature review field research and case studies from the mountain protected areas . Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal Basnet 2000 Richard et al. 2000 . There are nine mountain protected areas that cover about 21 040 km2 including 2 954 km2 Biodiversity Profile Project 1995a b Basnet 2003b in
