Trong chương này chúng ta xem xét biến đổi gen (GM) hạt có dầu hiếp dâm mật ong-ong tương tác, và một số yếu tố đó có thể ảnh hưởng đến sức hấp dẫn nhà máy với ong. Chúng tôi báo cáo quan sát trên ong mật tìm kiếm thức ăn của hành vi trong các tình huống của sự lựa chọn GM hạt có dầu hiếp dâm giữa Thể hiện gen khác nhau và những người untransformed. Tiến hành nghiên cứu Were Dưới kiểm soát, semifield, và điều kiện thực địa, và không tìm thấy sự khác biệt giữa. | 15 Direct and indirect effects of genetically modified plants on the honey bee . Pham-Delègue Lise Jouanin and . Sandoz Summary In this chapter we consider genetically modified GM oilseed rape-honey bee interactions and some factors that could affect plant attractiveness to bees. We report observations on the foraging behavior of honey bees in situations of choice between GM oilseed rape expressing different genes and untransformed ones. Studies were conducted under controlled semifield and field conditions and no differential behavior was found between GM and control genotypes. To evaluate the risk of direct exposure we investigated the amounts of gene products expressed in nectar and pollen. In the plant material under test no transgene proteins were detected which indicates that the risk of exposure to the proteins is reduced. Differences were found between GM and control genotypes in nectar and floral odor composition. However it was shown that foragers did not discriminate among the genotypes and that they could learn the olfactory signals from GM plants as well as from control plants. From these studies it appears that even though the bees can be exposed to the gene products or subjected to secondary changes in the plant chemistry these changes do not lead to noticeable modifications in the behavior of the honey bee for the genotypes tested. Introduction Mutual benefits between plants and pollinators such as honey bees rely on the ability of bees to discover flowers providing nectar and pollen to memorize plant characteristics floral color and shape and chemical cues and to communicate information within the hive leading to the recruitment of new foragers. These interactions can be affected by the genetic transformation of melliferous plants. In order to assess possible risks of genetically modified GM plants on bees two types of effects must be considered bees could be affected by direct exposure to the gene product either when foragers feed on .
