Trong chương này ztsed materidls (hóa chất, chất hữu cơ, chất keo, nzembranes và eqzlipment jltration) một mô tả. Màng đặc điểm theo quy 63, manzgactttrer szlmmarised. Xolzltion chuẩn bị và anabtz'caI phương pháp cũng được trình bày, includilzg các phương pháp hữu cơ zlsedfor, tổng hợp, và characteriration tiền gửi màng. Các giao thức lọc được mô tả trong các chương có liên quan, tế vi mô / tration, nltrajltration và nanoJiltahon, respectiveb. Màng characteristcs szlch szlface cha ~ hình thái điện tử cũng được trình bày trong các chương này. và Một số phương pháp yêu cầu đặc biệt quan tâm,. | Chapter 4 MATERIALS METHODS In this chapter the materials used chemicals organics colloids membranes and filtration equipment are described. Membrane characteristics as provided by the manufacturer are summarised. Solution preparation and analytical methods are also presented including the methods used for organics aggregate and membrane deposit characterisation. Filtration protocols are described in the relevant chapters microfiltration ultrafiltration and nanofiltration respectively. Membrane characteristics such as surface charge and morphology are also presented in these chapters. Some methods which required special attention such as concentration ofNOM drawings and hydrodynamic analysis of the filtration equipment synthesis of hematite colloids instrument calibration DOC and UIC and solution speciation are shown in Appendix 1 2 Ỉ 4 and 5 respectively. 91 Copyright 2001 by Andrea I. Schafer 92 MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and Background Solution All chemicals used were of analytical grade from Ajax Chemicals. IM HC1 NaOH and NaCl solutions were used for pH and ionic strength adjustments. For some experiments KCl or CaCl 2 were used as the electrolyte. This is indicated in the relevant results section. Dextran standard MW 1000 Da which was used for NF pore size comparison was purchased from Fluka Australia. MilliQ water was produced with a six step method MilliRO Super-C Carbon Cartridge Ion Exchange Cartridge Ion Exchange Cartridge Organex-Q Cartridge Milli-Pak Filter. For DOC analysis and standards water from a regularly sterilised MilliQplus system was used. The MilliQ quality was 18 Mil cm. Experiments were carried out in a background buffer solution that was chosen as a simple model of natural surface waters with a monovalent and divalent cation and a background electrolyte to allow pH adjustment without changing ionic strength. The concentration of the cation calcium was selected after the analysis of the Mooney Mooney Dam surface water. The .
