Tiếng Anh phân biệt nhà khoa học Sydney Hickson đã đến thăm các rạn san hô Bắc đáng kể tương tự như các ecotourists ngày hiện tại. Vẻ đẹp ngoạn mục của các rạn san hô của Bunaken, Talise và các rạn san hô khác ở Bắc Sulawesi tiếp tục thu hút hàng ngàn thợ lặn và khách du lịch. Tuy nhiên, nhiều lực lượng, xảo quyệt và xu hướng đe dọa những người hấp dẫn. Ví dụ, trong khi một số các rạn san hô mà Hickson ngưỡng mộ hiện nay trong tuyên bố khu bảo tồn biển, ranh giới này ít gây hạn chế. | 19 The Challenges of Coral Reef Management in Indonesia Ian M. Dutton Dietrich G. Bengen and J. Johnnes Tulungen CONTENTS Indonesia s Coral Physical Extent and Use of Coral Attitudes toward Coral Threats to Coral Management of Coral Current Development of Governance Toward Greater Future of Coral INTRODUCTION A coral reef can not be described. It must be seen to be properly appreciated. Hickson 1889 28 The distinguished English scientist Sydney Hickson visited the coral reefs of North Sulawesi Figure 1 in the latter part of the 19th century. His descriptions of Indonesia are remarkably similar to those of current-day ecotourists. The spectacular beauty of the coral reefs of Bunaken Talise and other coral reefs in North Sulawesi continues to attract thousands of divers and tourists. There are however many insidious forces and trends that threaten those attractions. For example while some of the reefs that Hickson admired are now within declared marine parks such boundaries pose little restriction for greedy fishers. As recently as May 2000 destructive fishing practices bombing and cyanide Animation 1 were being employed on the same Bunaken reefs that by day were 315 2001 by CRC Press LLC 316 Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs attracting foreign tourists willing to pay more than . 100 per dive to experience the beauty Hickson so vividly describes M. Erdmann personal communication . Advances in technology a massively increased population and a rapidly expanded agro-industrial economy have changed many of the ways in which Indonesia s coral reefs are used Sloan Sughandy 1994 . These changes have also contributed to the widespread degradation of reefs and loss of reef biota. Estimates of the quality and quantity of extant coral reef resources vary widely Hopley Suharsono 2000 but all paint a depressing picture of .
