Các tế bào được xem xét trong chương trước là các khối xây dựng của các cơ quan. Sự khác biệt tế bào và tổ chức mà cung cấp cho đến các cơ quan riêng biệt cũng thiết lập các cảnh cho sự khác biệt trong các hiệu ứng độc tố trong cơ quan. Ngoài ra với tính chất của các tế bào được kết hợp vào khăn giấy, mối quan hệ không gian của các cơ quan liên quan đến trực tiếp tiếp xúc hoặc tiếp xúc với môi trường trong soma lưu thông làm cho một cơ quan. | 5 Organs and Organ Systems Organ systems of individuals are the highest levels of organization that are commonly studied in laboratory exposures to various toxicants and the concept of target organ is firmly established in mammals and in aquatic organisms. Hinton 1994 OVERVIEW The cells examined in the previous chapter are the building blocks of organs. The cellular differentiation and organization that give rise to distinct organs also set the scene for differences in toxicant effects among organs. In addition to the nature of the cells incorporated into a tissue the spatial relation of organs relative to direct environmental exposure or exposure during somatic circulation makes one organ more prone to poisoning than another. Because of these differences and the central role of organs in maintaining health effects to target organs constitute a major theme in classic toxicology. Roughly one-third of the chapters in Casarett Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons Klaassen 1996 and Williams et al. s Principles of Toxicology Williams et al. 2000 are devoted to organ toxicity. Target organ toxicity is also an important theme in ecotoxicology however extra attention is required when reaching conclusions about organ toxicity for the myriad relevant species because many differences exist among species relative to which organ is most affected by any particular chemical agent Heywood 1981 . Organ toxicology is discussed here using examples because any comprehensive coverage of organ toxicity for all relevant species would require several books. Discussion is also biased toward vertebrate organs because of the abundance of available information. GENERAL INTEGUMENT The integument like the respiratory and digestive organs is subject to significant toxicant exposure because of its intimate contact with the external milieu and large surface area for exchange. For these reasons some of the classic discoveries about environmentally induced human disease involved .
