Những tuyên bố trên không có thể được thực hiện vào những năm 1960 và 1970 mà không đòi hỏi trình độ chuyên môn ngay lập tức. Sau đó, các trường hợp cấp tính gây chết người tiếp xúc với các sản phẩm của con người và sản phẩm phụ là trắng trợn và bận tâm nhất động vật hoang dã và toxicologists thủy sản. Phơi nhiễm cấp tính gây chết người vẫn xảy ra (ví dụ, ngộ độc con chim ngẫu nhiên đối với thuốc trừ sâu (Stansley và Roscoe 1999)), nhưng sự chú ý của chúng tôi là. | 10 Sublethal Effects OVERVIEW Although sublethal effects are often more subtle than those inducing direct mortality they can equally impact overall community structure. Bridges 1997 The above statement could not have been made in the 1960s and 1970s without requiring immediate qualification. Then instances of acutely lethal exposures to human products and byproducts were blatant and preoccupied most wildlife and aquatic toxicologists. Acutely lethal exposures still occur . accidental bird poisonings with pesticides Stansley and Roscoe 1999 but our attention is being drawn increasingly to effects that do not produce outright death. This is not to imply that sublethal effects were completely ignored in the past published contributions to the sublethal effects literature began well before the 1960s. Indeed sublethal effects featured prominently in the opening chapter of Rachel Carson s Silent Spring 1962 . Sublethal effects were simply treated as secondary in importance in the 1960s and 1970s. However interest in and effort spent on sublethal effects has appropriately come into balance during the past two decades with those focused on lethal effects. Most sublethal studies explore one or more of five fitness-related features of individuals reproduction growth development behavior and physiology. Very often growth and reproduction are examined simultaneously. Significance tests are for situations where we do not understand in any theoretical sense what is happening. Hacking 2001 A few key points can be made at the onset about the current sublethal effects literature based on a quick survey of 114 randomly selected studies published between 1968 and 2006. Eighty-two percent of these papers applied experimental designs appropriate for analysis of variance ANOVA or analysis of covariance ANCOVA and did not draw on available ecological models to quantify or interpret results. Most were designed to detect change in response to increasing exposure level and .
