Chuẩn bị Thông số kỹ thuật thầu Mua sắm thiết bị quan trọng nhất trong hoạt động, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương yêu cầu đấu thầu cạnh tranh. Trong trường hợp này, giá dự thầu phải được chuẩn bị. Điều quan trọng là những chi tiết kỹ thuật được viết bằng một cách để đảm bảo rằng các thiết bị phải được mua sắm với giá hợp lý. Điều này thậm chí còn quan trọng hơn nếu các quầy hạt được tích hợp vào một hệ thống SCADA | CHAPTER 24 Preparing Bid Specifications Most significant equipment purchases in municipal operations require competitive bidding. In such cases bid specifications must be prepared. It is important that these specifications be written in such a way to ensure that the right equipment is procured at a fair price. This is even more critical if the particle counters are to be integrated into a SCADA system. A. COMPETITIVE BIDDING Since particle counting is still relatively new most new systems are purchased for existing treatment plants. In such cases the specifications can be written around the desired equipment. When the particle counting equipment is specified for a new plant or as part of a large upgrade it is easier for it to slip through the cracks. New plant specifications often place the particle counters in the electrical or instrumentation section. These sections will usually be bid by a subcontractor. In such cases only an iron-clad specification will guarantee that the desired equipment is procured. Most contractors will know nothing about particle counters and are only concerned about winning the contract with the lowest bid. They do not have to live with the wrong particle counting system for 10 or 15 years after the fact. While competitive bidding is theoretically the best way to achieve a fair price and prevent corruption which is costly to the taxpayer in practice it can be quite wild and woolly. Subcontractors hold their best pricing until the last possible moment while the contractors try to make sure that everything is bid to specification. A small mistake can result in the loss of a job worth millions of dollars or in a costly underbid. A large particle counting system may still only account for 1 or 2 of the total value of the job so it will command little attention. There are several ways to minimize the potential for problems when the particle counting system is to be part of a large bid package. The best is to pull it out as a separate bid to .
