Tham khảo tài liệu 'integrated waste management volume ii part 14', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 447 Sustained Carbon Emissions Reductions through Zero Waste Strategies for South African Municipalities biogenic wastes. The availability and applicability of the models were the limiting factors for their use and thus an ad hoc GHG quantification tool called the Waste Resource Optimisation Scenario Evaluation WROSE was developed as part of this study using emissions factors derived by the United States Environmental Agency US EPA for landfill disposal landfill gas recovery recycling and composting. The emissions factors used in WROSE are those derived by the United States Environmental Protection Agency using IPCC guidelines and were used as the most transparent approach to modelling the GHG emissions or reductions. A streamlined LCA approach was used for the derivation of these factors - GHG impacts are considered from the point at which the waste is discarded by the waste generator to the point at which it is disposed treated or recycled into new products US EPA 2006 . The emissions factor for the anaerobic digestion of biogenic MSW was developed using the same streamlined LCA approach on a wet weight basis and considered the following emissions and reductions i. Direct emissions Direct process emissions were determined using the IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guidelines 2006 . The tier 1 approach was adopted as this is the methodology for countries where national data and statistics are not available. The emissions factor for the biological treatment of biogenic MSW as listed by the guidelines is 1g CH4 kg of wet waste. Nitrous oxide emissions are assumed to be negligible and an assumed 95 of methane is recovered for energy generation. Total direct emissions amounted to MTCO2eq ton. ii. Transportation emissions from the collection and transportation of MSW Transportation emissions were calculated using a similar methodology to that used in the 2009 study by Moller et al 2009. The fuel efficiency of waste collection trucks over a 20mile distance was .
