Tham khảo tài liệu 'integrated waste management volume i part 2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 26 Integrated Waste Management - Volume I establishment in turn called for further legislation from which it derives its hierarchy of authority and the formal allocation of tasks and responsibilities . 3. Institutional matrix for the sanitation sector The application of a holistic view of the concept of institutions to the sanitation sector reveals a two-by-two institutional matrix with the two columns representing institutions and organisations and the two rows partitioning them institutions and organisations into formal and informal hemispheres as shown in Table 1. Institutions Organisations Formal Policies Laws Regulations Guidelines Codes Standards etc. Government Ministries Departments and Agencies Municipal authorities Private sector organisations Non-governmental organisations NGOs External support agencies etc. Informal Customs Beliefs Norms Values Historical experiences Practices Standards of honesty etc. Traditional leaders Pressure groups Clans and family gates Religious groups Social clubs Community watchdog committees Community-based organisations etc. Table 1. Institutional matrix for the sanitation sector Thus four segments of the matrix can be distinguished namely formal institutions informal institutions formal organisations and informal organisations all of which play crucial and interrelated roles to ensure the overall viability and sustainability of the institutional framework. It must be mentioned however that the structure of the matrix is not peculiar to waste management or the sanitation sector per se. Almost all sectors of a nation s economy is characterised by institutions and organisations - both formal and informal. Formal institutions Formal institutions set the tone for the sector. They are the formal rules in North s definition which influence and shape interaction and behaviour Hearne 2004 Kingston Caballero 2008 among sector stakeholders including service providers users and government itself. They come in the form of laws .
