Tham khảo tài liệu 'environmental management in practice part 4', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Regional Issues in Environmental Management 81 for trans-boundary acid deposition and marine pollution mainly fall into a b or c -type of modalities. Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia EANET Staring year 2001 Area East Asia 13 countries Issues Acid Deposition Secretariat UNEP Modality Joint monitoring and assessment Northwest Pacific Action Plan NOWPAP Staring year 1994 Area Northeast Asia China Japan Korea South and Russia Issues Marine Pollution Secretariat UNEP Modality Joint monitoring and assessment ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution Staring year 2002 Area ASEAN Issues Haze Pollution Secretariat ASEAN Modality Legal agreement Tripartite Environmental Ministers Meeting TEMM Staring year 1999 Area China Japan and South Kor ea Issues Comprehensive Secretariat Rotation Modality Policy dialogue North-east Asian Subregional Programme of Environmental Cooperation NEASPEC Staring year 1993 Area Northeast Asia China Japan Korea North Korea South Mongolia and Russia Issues Comprehensive Secretariat UN ESCAP Interim Modality Project-based activities Table 2. Regional frameworks for environmental cooperation Discussion on non-binding approach in East Asia The modality of regional frameworks for environmental cooperation has recently been discussed in terms of binding and non-binding approaches . Yoon 2007 Koppel 2009 . Yoon 2007 argued that the environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia has evolved through non-binding agreements which do not contain official commitments on compliance or legal restrictions for non-compliance whereas that in Europe has followed binding agreements by concluding with conventions and working through a series of protocols for solid compliance. This view is consistent with our comparative analysis on the modalities for environmental cooperation between in East Asia and Europe in the previous section. Then why East Asia has taken the non-binding approach for environmental cooperation is the question in this .
