Tham khảo tài liệu 'environmental management in practice part 7', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Sustainable Management of Muddy Coastlines 171 Plate 2. Dead vegetation around Awoye inlets Fig. 1. Map showing Canal and Sampling Stations 172 Environmental Management in Practice Physical modification and festruction of habitats The coastal zones have undergone wide modifications in the last thirty years. Due to high pressures on coastal resources conflicting exploitation techniques and increasing population leading to loss of biodiversity in the ecosystem the value of coastlines has been diminished. The destruction of mangrove ecosystems has been on the increase since exploitation of oil and gas started in the Niger Delta resulting in replacement of mangrove vegetation by new vegetation species like nympa palms. The Kwale game reserve in the 1950s was rich in biodiversity but due to oil exploration gas production and poaching elephants and many flora and fauna have disapproved in the Reserve several animal species of conservation interest including Scalter s Guenon Delta Red Columbus the Crested Genet the Pygmy Hippo Chimpanzee and African Leopard have almost disappeared in the Niger Delta many plants of medicinal economic and cultural values such as Thaumatiococcus daniel sweetener Fegara sp. for sickle cell anemia and Rauvolfia vomitoria for treatment of high blood pressure and now rare in the Niger Delta . The major socio-economic problems result from poverty ecosystem modification in the coastal zones include unemployment because the people depend on their tradition mean of livelihood. Environmental management plan for coastal communities The key to effective environmental management plan is adequate monitoring of the projects implementation predicted impacts and monitoring or implementation of predicted mitigation measures. The environmental issues that will be addressed are i. Over exploitation of Fisheries resources ii. Costal and Marine Pollution iii. Oil spills iv. Coastal Erosion and Flooding v. Physical modification and destruction of habitats
