Tham khảo tài liệu 'environmental management in practice part 16', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Technology Roadmap for Wastewater Reuse in Petroleum Refineries in Brazil 441 while tubular systems are sold for more than US 1 000 per m2. The price of a flat plate system ranges from US 200 to 300 per m2. The cost of units with a fiber membrane configuration is US 1 700 per m2 while ceramic systems are the most expensive at US 10 000 per m2. These costs refer to complete systems that is membranes internal pipes pumps and control equipment. Spiral membranes were originally made for water desalination but their compact configuration and low cost make them attractive for industrial applications. Tubular systems are simple and have the advantage of tolerating suspended solids and fibers. Flat plate systems are robust and compact. Fiber membrane systems are mechanically more fragile and thus are used only for determined ultrafiltration applications and oil emulsions. Finally ceramic systems can be very effective for microfiltration Wagner 2001 . Depending on the capacity a membrane filtration system can cost around US 1300-5300 m3 day while the operating costs are between US m3 of treated wastewater micro and ultrafiltration technologies Cheryan Rajagopalan 1998 . Another source CostWater 2010 mentions the costs of membrane technology for microfiltration to remove particulate matter according to treatment capacity. According to this source the costs are considerably lower than those mentioned above ranging from US 400 m3 day for treatment capacity of 38 000 m3 day to around US 600 m3 day for a capacity of 3 800 m3 day. Membranes are a promising technology for treatment of refinery wastewater for reuse. They are generally used for pretreatment before reverse osmosis or reverse electrodialysis micro and ultrafiltration technologies . Figure 6 shows a diagram of an advanced wastewater treatment system for reuse at oil refineries considering ultra and microfiltration membranes and reverse osmosis or reverse electrodialysis as tertiary treatment. Fig. 6. Diagram
