Tham khảo tài liệu 'gas turbines part 3', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Exergy and Environmental Considerations in Gas Turbine Technology and Applications 39 Fuel Properties Max Min Notes Lower Heating Value MJ m3 None Modified Wobbe Index MWI - Absolute limits - Range within limits 54 5 40 -5 Flammability Ratio 1 Rich Lean Fuel Air Ratio volume basis Constituent Limits mole Methane CH4 100 85 of reactant species Ethane C2H6 15 0 of reactant species Propane C3H8 15 0 of reactant species Butane C4H10 higher 5 0 of reactant species paraffins C4 Trace 0 of reactant species Hydrogen H2 Trace 0 of reactant species Carbon monoxide CO Trace 0 of reactant species Oxygen O2 Trace 0 of reactant species Total Inerts N2 CO2 Ar 15 0 of total reactants inerts Aromatics Benzene C6H6 Toluene C7H8 etc. Report 0 Sulfur Report 0 Table . Range of typical heavy-duty gas turbine fuel specification adapted from GER 41040G - GE Gas Power Systems Revised January 2002 . Conventional and New Environmental-conscious Aero and Industrial Gas Turbine Fuels Conventional aero gas turbine fuels are commonly i. Kerosene from crude petroleum sources using established refining processes and ii. synthetic kerosene from Fischer-Tropsch FT synthesis using coal natural gas or any other hydrocarbon feedstock . shale tar sands etc. . These are produced by first gasifying the hydrocarbon resource followed by liquefaction to form hydrocarbon liquids . as earlier noted the Airline Industry Information update dateline 26 June 2009 New Environmentally-conscious aero gas turbine fuels are i. Bio-fuels from bio-derived Fatty Acid Methyl Esters FAME mixed with conventional aero fuel kerosene in regulated proportions ii. Bio-ethanol and bio-methanol neat or mixed in regulated proportions with gasoline iii. Biofuels produced from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis FTS process using biomass feedstock such as oil seeds - jathropha palm oil soybeans rapeseed canola sunflower camelina etc. as well as animal fats iv. Bio-syngas produced by gasification of biomass .