Khi nhà sản xuất Mỹ phải đối mặt với một môi trường kinh doanh ngày càng cạnh tranh toàn cầu, họ tìm kiếm cơ hội để giảm chi phí sản xuất mà không tiêu cực ảnh hưởng đến năng suất sản phẩm hoặc chất lượng. Giá năng lượng trên thị trường hiện nay không chắc chắn tiêu cực ảnh hưởng đến dự đoán thu nhập, mà là một mối quan tâm, đặc biệt là cho các công ty giao dịch công khai. công nghiệp dầu khí. Nâng cao hiệu quả năng lượng làm giảm dòng dưới cùng của bất kỳ nhà máy lọc dầu. Đối. | According to inventory data collected by Xenergy 1998 82 of pumps in . industry have no load modulation feature or ASD . Similar to being able to adjust load in motor systems including modulation features with pumps is estimated to save between 20 and 50 of pump energy consumption at relatively short payback periods depending on application pump size load and load variation Xenergy 1998 Best Practice Programme 1996a . As a general rule of thumb unless the pump curves are exceptionally flat a 10 regulation in flow should produce pump savings of 20 and 20 regulation should produce savings of 40 Best Practice Programme 1996a . The ChevronTexaco refinery in Richmond California upgraded the feed pumps of the diesel hydrotreater by installing an ASD on a 2 250 hp primary feed pump as well as changing the operation procedures for a backup pump system. The cost savings amount to 700 000 year reducing electricity consumption by 12 GWh year. The pump system retrofit was implemented as part of a demand side management program by the local utility. The refinery did not have to put up any investment capital as it participated in this program . DOE-OiT 1999 . Hodgson and Walters 2002 discuss the application of an ASD to replace a throttle of a new to build pumping system. Optimization of the design using a dedicated software package led to the recommendation to install an ASD. This would result in 71 lower energy costs over the lifetime of the system a 54 reduction in total lifetime costs of the system. Avoid Throttling Valves. Throttling valves should always be avoided. Extensive use of throttling valves or bypass loops may be an indication of an oversized pump Tutterow et al. 2000 . Variable speed drives or on off regulated systems always save energy compared to throttling valves Hovstadius 2002 . An audit of the 25 000 bpd Flying J Refinery in Salt Lake City Utah identified throttle losses at two 200 hp charge pumps. Minimizing the throttle losses would result in .
