Tham khảo tài liệu 'waste management 2009 part 11', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 10 Basic Concepts in Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfidic Mine-Waste Management Bernhard Dold Institute of Applied Economic Geology GEA University of Concepcion Chile 1. Introduction Mining and the environment As minerals which are essential to industrial economies are presently not in short supply nor do they seem to be for the next several generations mining and mineral processing can no longer be presumed to be the best of all possible uses for land it must compete with compelling demands for alternative uses. Environmental protection and rehabilitation are fast becoming high priorities throughout the world no longer confined to industrialized countries. Environmental regulations in the developed countries are one of the main reasons for the departure of metal mining companies to less developed nations in the last few decades. Low labor costs exploration potential and lax or no existing environmental policies reinforced this process Hodges 1995 . While industrialized countries started to formulate environmental reports and to implement environmental framework laws in the 1970 s . USA Central Europe Japan developing countries started this process only recently in the 1990 s . Chile Peru Korea Nigeria as reported in Janicke Weidner 1997 . Increasing world population together with economic growth in emerging countries . China India Brasil etc. is increasing constantly the demand for metals and minerals in the near future and the associated environmental assessment. Although the world economic crisis stopped this trend for one year the newly increasing metal prices on the world marked confirm that this trend will go on. Mining and extraction processes Once the exploration of an ore body is successful exploitation begins. The extraction of the ore can take place in an open pit or underground. The ore is then transported to stockpiles or directly to the milling process where crushing and grinding decrease the grain size for the benefaction process.
