Tham khảo tài liệu 'international perspectives on global environmental change part 7', khoa học tự nhiên, công nghệ sinh học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Primary Succession in Glacier Forelands How small Animals Conquer New Land Around Melting Glaciers 169 springtails mites and certain spiders are early colonisers even there. Certain invertebrate taxa are typical pioneers in all three geographical areas or common to Norway and the Alps. It is also concluded that the main pattern of the zoological succession is rather predictable. This indicates that dispersion may not be a serious problem. Herbivorous invertebrates are often relatively late colonisers. Some pioneers are highly specialised cold-tolerant species. These may go locally extinct if the glacier melts away. Other are open ground-specialists and may live also in open habitats in the lowland. Several are generalists with an extra flexibility to inhabit the harsh conditions close to a glacier. Pioneers may be parthenogenetic or bisexual or have a short or long life cycle. Although pioneer species form an ecologically heterogeneous group the pioneer community is often rather predictable. Some of the remaining questions are Is dispersal such an easy task What do the various pioneer species eat Is the pioneer ground an ecological sink continuously fed from outside How do plants and animals interact through succession More field studies with a high taxonomic resolution and in various geographical areas are welcomed. Climate change may generally speed up the succession rate around melting glaciers. 12. References Alfredsen A. N. 2010 . Primary succession habitat preferences and species assemblages of carabid beetles in front of the retreating glacier Midtdalsbreen Finse southern Norway. Master thesis University of Bergen 83 pp. Bardgett R. D. Richter A. Bol R. Garnett M. H. Bãumler R. Xu X. Lopez-Capel E. Manning D. A. Hobbs P. J. Hartley I. R. Wanek W. 2007 . Heterotrophic microbial communities use ancient carbon following glacial retreat. Biological Letters Oct 22 3 5 487-490. Brảten A. T. Flo D. 2009 . Primary succession of arthropods Coleoptera and Araneae on a
