Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành hóa học dành cho các bạn yêu hóa học tham khảo đề tài: Efficient Realization of Sigma-Delta (Σ-Δ) Kalman Lowpass Filter in Hardware Using FPGA | Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing Volume 2006 Article ID 52736 Pages 1-11 DOI ASP 2006 52736 Efficient Realization of Sigma-Delta X-A Kalman Lowpass Filter in Hardware Using FPGA Saman S. Abeysekera and Charayaphan Charoensak School of Electrical Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Block S1 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Received 8 December 2004 Revised 3 August 2005 Accepted 12 September 2005 Recommended for Publication by Peter Handel Sigma-delta X-A modulation techniques have moved into mainstream applications in signal processing and have found many practical uses in areas such as high-resolution A D D A conversions voice communication and software radio. X-A modulators produce a single or few bits output resulting in hardware saving and thus making them suitable for implementation in very large scale integration VLSI circuits. To reduce quantization noise produced higher-order modulators such as multiloop and multistage architectures are commonly used. The quantization noise behavior of higher-order X- A modulators is well understood. Based on these quantization noise characteristics various demodulator architectures such as sinc filter optimal FIR filter and Laguerre filter are reported in literature. In this paper theory and design of an efficient Kalman recursive demodulator filter is shown. Hardware implementation of Kalman lowpass filter using field programmable gate array FPGA is explained. The FPGA synthesis results from Kalman filter design are compared with previous designs for sinc filter optimum FIR filter and Laguerre filter. Copyright 2006 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. 1. INTRODUCTION Recently X-A modulation techniques have been successfully applied in numerous applications such as low-cost and high-resolution A D and D A converters software-defined radio 1 2 correlators multipliers and synchronizers 3 . One main reason for popularity of X-A modulation .
