The pH values will bring effects in flora and fauna nearby, change the taste of water and lead to heavy corrosion in pipe lines. High conductivity naturally indicates the presence of ionic substances dissolved in the river water. However, the result showed that 90% of the study site exceeded the data reported for non-contaminated rivers due to excessive metal ions within the water. At the site nearer to kaolin industry the conductivity is 852 times higher than the non-polluted study site. The industrial discharge also changed the hardness in river water. However, the result showed that the study site is not exceeded the maximum limit (500 mg. | ISSN 0429-9345 The ecosystem approach to fisheries Issues terminology principles institutional foundations implementation and outlook 443 FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER - iii - PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This desk review of relevant aspects of an ecosystem approach to fisheries EAF was specifically prepared to facilitate the work of the FAO Technical Consultation on the Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management held in Reykjavik Iceland from 16 to 19 September 2002. It was intended to be used as background material and source of definitions and references for the EAF guidelines to be elaborated at the meeting. A much shorter version was presented at the Symposium on Marine Fisheries Ecosystems and Societies in West Africa Half a Century of Change held in Dakar Senegal from 26 to 28 June 2002. The draft received comments and additional inputs during and after the meeting from many participants particularly Drs D. Staples and K. Cochrane. Distribution All FAO Members and Associate Members Interested Nations and International Organizations FAO Fisheries Department FAO Fishery Officers in FAO Regional Offices Interested Non-governmental Organizations - iv - Abstract Garcia . Zerbi A. Aliaume C. Do Chi T. Lasserre G. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues terminology principles institutional foundations implementation and outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome FAO. 2003. 71 p. Ecosystems are complex and dynamic natural units that produce goods and services beyond those of benefit to fisheries. Because fisheries have a direct impact on the ecosystem which is also impacted by other human activities they need to be managed in an ecosystem context. The meaning of the terms ecosystem management ecosystembased management ecosystem approach to fisheries EAF etc. are still not universally defined and progressively evolving. The justification of EAF is evident in the characteristics of an exploited ecosystem and the impacts resulting from fisheries and other .
