Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are the main pollinating agents for numerous plants and fruit trees and, hence, play a key role in agriculture and more generally in the maintenance of ecological biodiversity. Although these social insects are not the targets of all the different agrochemical treatments used in crop protection, they are widely affected by pesticides. In addition, during their foraging flights, in which they collect nectar, pollen, plant resins, and water, honey bees inadvertently come into contact with a wide array of inorganic and organic pollutants, and these are often taken back to the colony
