Probiotics may exert a multidirectional effects affecting the gene expression in intestinal cells. A number of positive effects of probiotics have been indicated, particularly their beneficial effect in the pathologic conditions including antibiotic-associated traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, dental caries, gastroduodenal ulcers due to Helicobacter pylori, hepatic encephalopathy, intestinal motility disorders and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Authors evaluated a variety of probiotics functions for the control of morphological characteristics and the proliferation capacity of crypt and villous epithelium as well as their effects on enteric nervous system. Since the microorganisms located within the digestive tract during the postnatal period have been shown to decrease villi length and increased.
