Vitrification has been investigated for tissue-engineered bone and blood vessels. Liu & McGrath (2003) explored the potential of vitrification for the cryopreservation of tissueengineered bone constructs consisting of a hydroxyapatite scaffold-cell complex. Cell survival was for suspended cells and for attached cells. In terms of tissueengineered blood vessel constructs, the effects of vitrification and conventional cryopreservation were compared (Elder et al., 2005). Collagen-based vascular constructs were used as models in this study. Morphological changes associated with ice formation were visible within tissues preserved using traditional cryopreservation but not in tissue preserved using vitrification
