Currently, cryopreservation is the only available strategy for the storage of tissueengineered products. However, tissue-engineered products usually consist of multiple layers of cells and, in most cases, the cells are seeded on scaffold made of biomaterials, which complicates the development of efficient freezing storage protocols (Pancrazio et al., 2007). Furthermore, the scale-up of cryopreservation procedures from the cellular level to a macroscopic tissue scale introduces new problems related to heat and mass transfer phenomena in larger systems (Karlsson and Toner, 1996)
