Efhami Sisi et al., in Chapter Four, review the effect of management practices on anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of trees in agroforestry systems. They specifically assess the impact of initial spacing between trees and treecrop inter-planting on tree growth and wood properties in a tree-alfalfa intercropping system in a temperate region. In Chapter five, Chesney reviews the science of shoot pruning of the woody component in agroforestry systems and the impact of this management practice on the functional equilibrium between the shoots and roots of the woody component. These first five chapters collectively suggest that the design and management practices of an agroforestry system determine ecosystem functions, and.
