Early in the first decade of the 21st century, high-stakes achievement testing became the chief instrument that the . federal government and state governments adopted for repairing what was deemed "the deplorable condition of schooling in America." However, as testing programs were implemented, it became clear that achievement testing as the prime solution for students' unacceptable academic performance was accompanied by a host of collateral damage in the form of vexing, unexpected, unwelcome problems
