More needs to be done now to get traffi c off the roads and on to rail. Real prices have to be charged that refl ect the real costs caused by polluters. The wider use of market-based instruments will bring about more cost-oriented pricing and fairer market conditions, which would lead to modal shift, behavioural changes, and help pay for improvements in rail infrastructure. The greater use of combined transport will allow each mode to use its strengths best – particularly over long distances, where the use of road and rail can complement rather than compete with each other
