This review of the environmental effects of freight is structured by transport mode, addressing shipping, air cargo, trucking, rail, pipelines and intermodal terminals. It begins with a brief overview of the major environmental media or mechanisms through which transport can affect the environment. These include air pollution, global climate concerns, noise, water pollution, accidents, land use and habitat fragmentation. The modal discussions focus on air pollution, global climate issues, water pollution, accidents whose costs are environmental rather than primarily in human life, and certain land use planning issues. The review describes the impacts in qualitative terms, and then provides emission factors per unit of freight transported. The.
