This publication was commissioned by the Reinforced Concrete Council, which was set up to promote better knowl- edge and understanding of reinforced concrete design and building technology. The Council’s members are Co-Steel Sheerness plc and Allied Steel & Wire, representing the major suppliers of reinforcing steel in the UK, and the British Cement Association, representing the major manufacturers of Portland cement in the UK. Charles Goodchild is Senior Engineer for the Reinforced Concrete Council. He was responsible for the concept and management of this publication