Carbon dioxide is produced in several anthropogenic activities at a rate of ca. 35 Gt/y. The main sources are: (1) the combustion of fossil carbon (production of electric energy, transport, heating, industry), (2) the utilization of biomass (combustion to obtain energy, fermentation), and (3) the decomposition of natural carbonates (mainly in the steel and cement industry). Due to the fact that the natural system is not able to buffer such release by dissolving CO2 into oceans (or water basins in general) or by fixing it into biomass or inert carbonates, CO2 is accumulating in the atmosphere with serious worries about its influence on climate change. This has pushed.
