The objective of this SME- driven research is to distinguish responders and/or adverse responders from non-responders to drugs that are already established treatments through the identification and characterisation of genome-based biomarkers. The research may focus on adults, children and/or the elderly where appropriate. Ethical, social, legal and public health aspects, as well as health technology assessments (health economics, cost effectiveness) will be considered. The research should lead to validated pharmacogenomic methods to predict responses to drug treatment, avoid chronicity, prevent relapse and reduce adverse effects. Research should focus on a disease where there is evidence of variable clinical response(s) to.