The aim is to apply advanced technologies to study human immune responses under conditions of health and disease. New knowledge generated by the project should be used to develop informed and rational strategies and technologies with wide potential applications for immune stimulation, or modulation of immune responses, depending on the pathological condition. Research should be targeted to prevention or cure of infections but aspects of age-dependent immune senescence or gender specific responses may also be addressed, to understand and inform targeted immune modulation. Major research questions, such as, molecular signatures of immune protection, the relationship between systemic and local.