It is expected that the prescription of drugs and treatments tailored for the right patient at the right time will increase the efficiency of healthcare delivery and reduce healthcare costs. Applied healthcare studies will be required to obtain evidence for this assumption so that those who reimburse healthcare costs can incentivise the introduction of personalised drug prescription. Omics-based bio-markers and -signatures and the development of other non-invasive diagnostic methods will identify at risk groups supporting the implementation of risk-stratified health screening and timely prevention. This will ultimately lead to significant cost-savings at the societal level. BOTTLENECKS: There.