Moving from these altruist-focused interventions to the two final 'rungs' on the Ladder, which we class as non-altruist-focused interventions, are, on the other hand, ethically significant steps: scrutiny will be required to determine whether, in the circumstances, they may be ethically justified. Some will regard any intervention that encourages donation of bodily material primarily for non-altruistic purposes as simply 'mis-valuing' body parts, and would not consider such interventions to be acceptable in any circumstances. Others strongly disagree. Public policy has to find a way forward in the light of such competing views: key areas of common ground lie in consideration.
