This manual has been prepared by Corrado Barbui, Andreas Cipriani (both from the University of Verona, Verona, Italy) and Shekhar Saxena (WHO, Geneva). These contributors have reported no conflict of interest related to this work. Overall vision and supervision for this work was provided by Michele Tansella (University of Verona, Verona, Italy) and Benedetto Saraceno (WHO, Geneva). José Bertolote, Tarun Dua, Mark van Ommeren, Michelle Funk, (all from WHO, Geneva) provided inputs at various stages of the project. Nicolas Clark, and Vladimir Poznyak (both from WHO, Geneva) prepared the chapter on medicines used in alcohol and opioid dependence