First, even in these practical examples, evolutionary knowledge does not often change what a physician does in his or her day-to-day practice; instead, it guides research, as in the example of jaundice. Treatment deci- sions are, and should be, based on controlled studies on humans, not on theory or on experiments performed on model organisms alone. Darwinian medicine does not often give direct practice guidelines. Second, merely listing quick applications sells evolution- ary biology short. Medical professionals learn other basic sciences not because they are useful everyday in the clinic, but because they provide a crucial depth of understanding and a framework for organizing the myriad facts in which the mind otherwise drowns
