Often DNA identification techniques are the only solution but even these methods are not always conclusive. Other forensic techniques are also available for determining whether particular species are contained within medicines, such as thin layer chromatography. Under CITES it is not necessary to prove whether the species is actually contained within a processed medicine, if the ingredients of the medicine claim to contain it. However, in some countries domestic laws may require that it is proven to genuinely contain the species claimed, if a successful conviction is to be achieved. More significant penalties for offences are also more likely to be applied.
