Indeed, in the presence of predictability in fund risk loadings and benchmark returns, optimal portfolios consist entirely of actively managed funds even when the possibility of manager skills in stock selection and benchmark timing is ruled out. That is, actively managed funds allow the investor to capitalize on predictability in benchmarks and fund risk loadings in a way that cannot be achieved through long-only index fund positions. We now turn to analyze predictability in manager skills. Incorporating such predictability results in asset allocation that is overwhelmingly different from the other cases examined. To illustrate, consider the agnostic who believes in predictable skills (PA- 3). This investor faces an enormous.
