In order to address the ever-increasing significance of carbohydrates in biology the presentation of material in this volume has been somewhat modified. A new introductory chapter (1) highlights some of the reviews published during the year that give an overview of the glycobiological aspects of carbohydrate chemistry, and another new chapter (20) brings together reports of the use of enzymic methods in the field - particularly those employed in the synthesis of glycosides and especially di- and oligosaccharides. There is consequently some inevitable overlap between.