Sustainable agriculture aims to supply sufficient food for the world population while minimizing environmental impact. Part of sustainable agriculture is the application of insecticides in order to protect crops from deleterious inverte- brate pests, feeding on plants cultivated for human consumption. The discovery of neonicotinoid insecticides can be considered as a milestone in insecticide research. 1 Neonicotinoids represent the fastest-growing class of insecticides introduced to the market since the commercialization of pyrethroids
