To the extent that the relevant laws or securities regulation already address corporate governance of listed companies, the role of exchange regulation can therefore only be complementary. For instance, rules on prospectus issuance follow largely from national securities law, and international harmonisation initiatives (notably the EU Prospectus Directive) may have further limited the scope of standards setting by exchanges. Even in jurisdictions where exchanges are empowered to issue regulations, they may be subject to an approval by another regulatory authority, ., in the United States, proposed changes to exchange rules must be filed with the SEC. .
