The new millennium requires new thinking about the relationship between health and development. It is not simply the turn of a calendar page that beckons us to new thinking. It is the growing conviction that, notwithstanding enormous gains in many critical areas of health over the last 50 years, the old strategies are no longer sufficient. Indeed, to a large degree, they are failing. In many parts of the world mortality declines have slowed or stagnated; in others they have reversed, leaving literally billions suffering from avoidable mortality and morbidity. Inequalities.