Historically, the organization and design of paid labour have tended to be sex-typed. Equipment, tools and spaces used for paid labour have tended to be designed for men (Courville et al., 1992; Chatigny et al., 1995). Work scheduling has presumed constant availability of the worker, with no constraints arising from responsibility for child care or elder care (Prévost and Messing, 2001). Occupational health and safety standards have often used male models; for example, most toxicological data come from males (Setlow et al., 1998). Health and safety problems arising from unpaid work are not covered by compensation regulations. Women have been restricted.
