Health professions schools in Africa have an undeveloped culture of evaluation: although some have been evaluated by regional institutions such as the Conférence Africaine des Doyens des Facultés de Médecine d'Expression Française: African Conference of Deans of French-speaking Medical Schools (CADMEF), most have gone several decades without evaluation; the schools perceive no link between evaluation and educational reform. An evaluation of four nursing schools in 2004 found that although there was good clinical exposure, the quality and quantity of lecturers was inadequate and the infrastructure and equipment were obsolete. It is believed that systematic external evaluation should be carried out.