Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a protein kinase with diverse functions in neuronal development and adult brain physiology. Higher than normal levels of DYRK1A are associ-ated with the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases and have been impli-cated in some neurobiological alterations of Down syndrome, such as mental retardation.